Bentuk-bentuk MotherBoard
Apa itu Motherboard? Apakah Motherboard sama dengan MainBoard, dan SystemBoard? Yup. MotherBoard, MainBoard, SystemBoard, semuanya sama. Semuanya merujuk pada satu benda yang sama. Benda, atau komponen yang sangat penting dalam suatu system komputer. Kenapa komponen ini dianggap sangat penting?
Sebab, MotherBoard adalah tempat bergantung bagi semua komponen komputer lainnya. Jika processor kita umpamakan sebagai otak atau bagian kepala pada manusia, maka MotherBoard bisa kita anggap sebagai tubuh, atau badan. Kamu pasti tahu apa itu fungsi tubuh atau badan, kamu manusia bukan? Yup. Aku yakin kamu pasti manusia.
Pada badan, body, atau tubuh itulah semua anggota badan lain terhubung. Dari kepala, tangan, sampai kaki, semuanya terhubung dan bersatu di tubuh. Coba bayangkan jika ada kepala tanpa tubuh. Atau kaki dan tangan, tanpa tubuh. Mengerikan bukan? Seperti kata pepatah.... Tubuh ku kukuh bersatu teguh... tubuh satu bulu seribu. Artinya? Aku sendiri kaga tau.
Begitu juga dengan arti MotherBoard bagi sebuah komputer. Tanpa motherboard, komponen-komponen lain tidak bisa berfungsi. Dan... seperti halnya tubuh manusia, motherboard juga ternyata ikut berovolusi. Dari komputer generasi pertama, hingga generasi yang ada saat ini, MotherBoard terus mengalami perubahan bentuk. Seiring perubahan bentuk, nama-namanya pun ikut berubah. Berikut ini sejarah perkembangan bentuk dan nama motherboard.
PC and XT
Motherboard pertama yang populer adalah motherboard yang didesign untuk PC pertama, yaitu original IBM PC yang di release pada Agustus 1981. Kemudian IBM mengeluarkan versi keduanya, yaitu XT, yang di release pada Maret 1983. Motherboad untuk IBM PC dan XT ini mempunyai bentuk dan ukuran yang sama.
Bedanya? XT memiliki jumlah slot expansion yang lebih banyak. Coba bandingkan dari kedua gambar dibawah ini. Gambar pertama (kiri) menunjukkan motherboard untuk Original IBM PC. Sedangkan gambar kedua (kanan), menunjukkan motherboard untuk XT.
Full-Size AT
Full-Size AT ini mendapatkan debut pertamanya saat IBM memperkenalkan PC-AT (Advanced Technology) pada Agustus 1984. Motherboard ini di design untuk memenuhi kebutuhan processor 16 bit-286 dari Intel, yang membutuhkan lebih banyak ruang dari yang bisa disediakan oleh motherboard pendahulunya, XT. Coba perhatikan gambar dibawah ini.
Baby-AT
IBM adalah produsen komputer pertama, yang menggunakan board terkecil. Yaitu saat IBM memperkenalkan XT-286 pada September 1986. Namun sayangnya, penggunaan nama "XT" ini rupanya membuat orang jadi bingung. Orang-orang mengira bahwa board XT-286 itu masih menggunakan teknologi yang sama dengan dengan board yang dibuat pada 1981 (IBM-XT). Dan hal itu berakitbat buruk bagi penjualan XT-286.
Dan pada saat yang sama, perusahaan lain juga sedang mengembangkan board seukuran XT namun untuk kelas AT. Dan mereka berpikir, daripada memberi nama board tersebut dengan nama XT-size yang akhirnya juga akan membingungkan banyak orang, mereka akhirnya memutuskan untuk memberinya nama Baby-AT. Nama ini dipilih agar orang mengerti bahwa board tersebut telah menggunakan teknologi AT, namun menggunakan ukuran yang lebih kecil.
Dan pada dasarnya, Baby-AT ini mempunyai ukuran dan design yang sama dengan IBM XT. Bedanya terletak pada layout dari penempatan lubang untuk mur atau baut yang disesuaikan dengan gaya dari casing AT. Motherboard ini juga mempunyai tempat yang spesifik untuk keyboard, dan slot connector yang pas dengan lubang pada casing. Untuk lebih jelasnya, coba perhatikan gambar dibawah ini.
Baby-AT ini bisa digunakan untuk menggantikan system yang menggunakan motherboard full-size AT. Baby-AT juga bisa fit dengan beberapa jenis design casing. Karena flexibilitasnya inilah, yang membuat Baby-AT sangat populer, dan terus digunakan dari tahun 1983 hingga awal tahun 1996.
LPX
Motherboard LPX dan mini-LPX ini secara original di kembangkan oleh Western Digital, tepatnya tahun 1987. Walau akhirnya Western Digital tidak lagi memproduksi motherboard, namun design asli dari LPX ini telah banyak ditiru dan terus diproduksi oleh pabrik pembuat motherboard lainnya.
Namun, akibat dari tidak adanya design spesifik untuk riser card, hingga menyebabkan tidak adanya standarisasi dan kesamaan dari masing-masing pabrik dalam hal porsi penggunaan dari bus riser card ini. Dan itu menyulitkan bagi user untuk memperbaiki, mengupgrade, atau mengganti system yang menggunakan board jenis ini. Coba perhatikan gambar dibawah ini.
Nah... itu tadi beberapa perkembangan yang terjadi pada bentuk dan nama-nama motherboard. Apakah hanya sampai disitu saja? Nope. Kita memang belum membahas semuanya. Masih ada beberapa bentuk perubahan motherboard lagi yang belum dibahas disini. Mengapa belum? Sebab, nanti artikel ini jadi terlalu panjang dan melelahkan. Jadi... nantikan episode berikutnya!!!
source: http://belajar-yok.blogspot.com/
Tuesday, 26 May 2009
Thursday, 16 April 2009
Memory (Random acces Memory/RAM)
Random access memory (usually known by its acronym, RAM) is a form of computer data storage. Today it takes the form of integrated circuits that allows the stored data to be accessed in any order (i.e., at random). The word random thus refers to the fact that any piece of data can be returned in a constant time, regardless of its physical location and whether or not it is related to the previous piece of data.[1]
This contrasts with storage mechanisms such as tapes, magnetic discs and optical discs, which rely on the physical movement of the recording medium or a reading head. In these devices, the movement takes longer than the data transfer, and the retrieval time varies depending on the physical location of the next item.
The word RAM is mostly associated with volatile types of memory (such as DRAM memory modules), where the information is lost after the power is switched off. However, many other types of memory are RAM as well (i.e., Random Access Memory), including
most types of ROM and a kind of flash memory called NOR-Flash.
History
An early type of widespread writable random access memory was the magnetic core memory, developed from 1949 to 1952, and subsequently used in most computers up until the development of the static and dynamic integrated RAM circuits in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Before this, computers used relays, delay line memory or various kinds of vacuum tube arrangements to implement "main" memory functions (i.e., hundreds or thousands of bits), some of which were random access, some not. Latches built out of vacuum tube triodes, and later, out of discrete transistors, were used for smaller and faster memories such as registers and (random access) register banks. Prior to the development of integrated ROM circuits, permanent (or read-only) random access memory was often constructed using semiconductor diode matrices driven by address decoders.
Types of RAM
Modern types of writable RAM generally store a bit of data in either the state of a flip-flop, as in SRAM (static RAM), or as a charge in a capacitor (or transistor gate), as in DRAM (dynamic RAM), EPROM, EEPROM and Flash. Some types have circuitry to detect and/or correct random faults called memory errors in the stored data, using parity bits or error correction codes. RAM of the read-only type, ROM, instead uses a metal mask to permanently enable/disable selected transistors, instead of storing a charge in them. As both SRAM and DRAM are volatile, other forms of computer storage, such as disks and magnetic tapes, have been used as persistent storage in traditional computers. Many newer products instead rely on flash memory to maintain data when not in use, such as PDAs or small music players. Certain personal computers, such as many rugged computers and netbooks, have also replaced magnetic disks with flash drives. With flash memory, only the NOR type is capable of true random access, allowing direct code execution, and is therefore often used instead of ROM; the lower cost NAND type is commonly used for bulk storage in memory cards and solid-state drives.
Memory hierarchy
Many computer systems have a memory hierarchy consisting of CPU registers, on-die SRAM caches, external caches, DRAM, paging systems, and virtual memory or swap space on a hard drive. This entire pool of memory may be referred to as "RAM" by many developers, even though the various subsystems can have very different access times, violating the original concept behind the random access term in RAM. Even within a hierarchy level such as DRAM, the specific row, column, bank, rank, channel, or interleave organization of the components make the access time variable, although not to the extent that rotating storage media or a tape is variable. The overall goal of using a memory hierarchy is to obtain the higher possible average access performance while minimizing the total cost of entire memory system. (Generally, the memory hierarchy follows the access time with the fast CPU registers at the top and the slow hard drive at the bottom.) In many modern personal computers, the RAM comes in an easily upgraded form of modules called memory modules or DRAM modules about the size of a few sticks of chewing gum. These can quickly be replaced should they become damaged or too small for current purposes. As suggested above, smaller amounts of RAM (mostly SRAM) are also integrated in the CPU and other ICs on the motherboard, as well as in hard-drives, CD-ROMs, and several other parts of the computer system. Several new types of non-volatile RAM, which will preserve data while powered down, are under development. The technologies used include carbon nanotubes and the magnetic tunnel effect. In summer 2003, a 128 KB (128 × 210 bytes) magnetic RAM (MRAM) chip was manufactured with 0.18 µm technology. In June 2004, Infineon Technologies unveiled a 16 MB (16 × 220 bytes) prototype again based on 0.18 µm technology. Nantero built a functioning carbon nanotube memory prototype 10 GB (10 × 230 bytes) array in 2004. Whether some of these technologies will be able to eventually take a significant market share from either DRAM, SRAM, or flash-memory technology, however, remains to be seen.
Recent developments
Since 2006, "Solid-state drives" (based on flash memory) with capacities exceeding 642 gigabytes and performance far exceeding traditional disks have become available. This development has started to blur the definition between traditional random access memory and "disks", dramatically reducing the difference in performance. Also in development is research being done in the field of plastic magnets, which switch magnetic polarities based on light. source :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM
History
An early type of widespread writable random access memory was the magnetic core memory, developed from 1949 to 1952, and subsequently used in most computers up until the development of the static and dynamic integrated RAM circuits in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Before this, computers used relays, delay line memory or various kinds of vacuum tube arrangements to implement "main" memory functions (i.e., hundreds or thousands of bits), some of which were random access, some not. Latches built out of vacuum tube triodes, and later, out of discrete transistors, were used for smaller and faster memories such as registers and (random access) register banks. Prior to the development of integrated ROM circuits, permanent (or read-only) random access memory was often constructed using semiconductor diode matrices driven by address decoders.
Types of RAM
Modern types of writable RAM generally store a bit of data in either the state of a flip-flop, as in SRAM (static RAM), or as a charge in a capacitor (or transistor gate), as in DRAM (dynamic RAM), EPROM, EEPROM and Flash. Some types have circuitry to detect and/or correct random faults called memory errors in the stored data, using parity bits or error correction codes. RAM of the read-only type, ROM, instead uses a metal mask to permanently enable/disable selected transistors, instead of storing a charge in them. As both SRAM and DRAM are volatile, other forms of computer storage, such as disks and magnetic tapes, have been used as persistent storage in traditional computers. Many newer products instead rely on flash memory to maintain data when not in use, such as PDAs or small music players. Certain personal computers, such as many rugged computers and netbooks, have also replaced magnetic disks with flash drives. With flash memory, only the NOR type is capable of true random access, allowing direct code execution, and is therefore often used instead of ROM; the lower cost NAND type is commonly used for bulk storage in memory cards and solid-state drives.
Memory hierarchy
Many computer systems have a memory hierarchy consisting of CPU registers, on-die SRAM caches, external caches, DRAM, paging systems, and virtual memory or swap space on a hard drive. This entire pool of memory may be referred to as "RAM" by many developers, even though the various subsystems can have very different access times, violating the original concept behind the random access term in RAM. Even within a hierarchy level such as DRAM, the specific row, column, bank, rank, channel, or interleave organization of the components make the access time variable, although not to the extent that rotating storage media or a tape is variable. The overall goal of using a memory hierarchy is to obtain the higher possible average access performance while minimizing the total cost of entire memory system. (Generally, the memory hierarchy follows the access time with the fast CPU registers at the top and the slow hard drive at the bottom.) In many modern personal computers, the RAM comes in an easily upgraded form of modules called memory modules or DRAM modules about the size of a few sticks of chewing gum. These can quickly be replaced should they become damaged or too small for current purposes. As suggested above, smaller amounts of RAM (mostly SRAM) are also integrated in the CPU and other ICs on the motherboard, as well as in hard-drives, CD-ROMs, and several other parts of the computer system. Several new types of non-volatile RAM, which will preserve data while powered down, are under development. The technologies used include carbon nanotubes and the magnetic tunnel effect. In summer 2003, a 128 KB (128 × 210 bytes) magnetic RAM (MRAM) chip was manufactured with 0.18 µm technology. In June 2004, Infineon Technologies unveiled a 16 MB (16 × 220 bytes) prototype again based on 0.18 µm technology. Nantero built a functioning carbon nanotube memory prototype 10 GB (10 × 230 bytes) array in 2004. Whether some of these technologies will be able to eventually take a significant market share from either DRAM, SRAM, or flash-memory technology, however, remains to be seen.
Recent developments
Since 2006, "Solid-state drives" (based on flash memory) with capacities exceeding 642 gigabytes and performance far exceeding traditional disks have become available. This development has started to blur the definition between traditional random access memory and "disks", dramatically reducing the difference in performance. Also in development is research being done in the field of plastic magnets, which switch magnetic polarities based on light. source :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM
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